Elisabeth Gramkau Pollonetsky - Revision history

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References

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	~~Please send your suggestions, additions, corrections or contributions to this address :~~

	~~info@orthodoxcanada.ca~~

	[[Category:Lay-persons]] [[Category:Ontario]] [[Category:ADOCA]] [[Category:ROGCCNA]] [[Category:OCA]]		[[Category:Lay-persons]] [[Category:Ontario]] [[Category:ADOCA]] [[Category:ROGCCNA]] [[Category:OCA]]

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References

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	Remarks by Dr. Pollonetsky about “[https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC1704977&blobtype=pdf Women in Medicine]” (22 November, 1980)		Remarks by Dr. Pollonetsky about “[https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC1704977&blobtype=pdf Women in Medicine]” (22 November, 1980)

	[http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v02n5p16.htm Article about Elisabeth Pollonetsky and ‘The Ottawa Peace Movement’ in "Peace ~~Mazagine~~", 1 October, 1986]		[http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v02n5p16.htm Article about Elisabeth Pollonetsky and ‘The Ottawa Peace Movement’ in "Peace Magazine"] (1 October, 1986)

	[https://www.rbth.com/history/328985-harbin-russian Facts about Harbin, the Chinese City built by Russians] (19 August, 2018)		[https://www.rbth.com/history/328985-harbin-russian Facts about Harbin, the Chinese City built by Russians] (19 August, 2018)

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References

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	[http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v02n5p16.htm Article about Elisabeth Pollonetsky and ‘The Ottawa Peace Movement’ in "Peace Mazagine", 1 October, 1986]		[http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v02n5p16.htm Article about Elisabeth Pollonetsky and ‘The Ottawa Peace Movement’ in "Peace Mazagine", 1 October, 1986]

	~~Wikipedia article about "~~[https://en.~~wikipedia~~.~~org~~/~~wiki~~/~~Shanghai_Russians Shanghai~~ Russians]" (2 August, ~~2002~~)		[https://www.rbth.com/history/328985-harbin-russian Facts about Harbin, the Chinese City built by Russians] (19 August, 2018)

	[https://~~www~~.~~rbth~~.~~com~~/~~history~~/~~328985-harbin-russian Facts about Harbin, the Chinese City built by~~ Russians] (19 August, ~~2018~~)		Wikipedia article about "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Russians Shanghai Russians]" (2 August, 2022)

	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Russians Russian émigrés living in Communist China] (8 April, 2024)		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Russians Russian émigrés living in Communist China] (8 April, 2024)

Vladyka Seraphim: /* A new house, 1965 */

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A new house, 1965

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	education is character building for both sexes’.		education is character building for both sexes’.

	This statement may well find confirmation in the lives and personalities of other physicians. An example of this can be the personality of [[Oleg Wilson and Katherine Berdnikoff \|Dr. Katherine Berdnikoff]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal Montréal]. As did Elisabeth, Katherine grew up in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China China]. The lives of both women were early formed in the [https://orthodoxwiki.org/What_is_Orthodoxy Orthodox Christian Church], in which they both participated throughout their lives. This fact alone emphasises and increases the “character building” fruit of a medical education. One may add that, to an extent, these women (and others like them) follow in the foot-steps of the 3 well-known physicians of the [https://orthodoxwiki.org/New_Testament New Testament] period, the relatives of the Holy [https://orthodoxwiki.org/Apostles Apostles] [https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2000/06/29/101842-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-leader-of-the-apostles-paul Paul] and [https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/10/11/102936-apostle-philip-of-the-seventy-one-of-the-seven-deacons Philip the Deacon] : [http://owhm.org/saints.html Saints Zenaida, Philonella and Hermione].		This statement may well find confirmation in the lives and personalities of other physicians. An example of this can be the personality of [[Oleg Wilson and Katherine Berdnikoff \|Dr. Katherine Berdnikoff]] in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal Montréal]. As did Elisabeth, Katherine grew up in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China China]. The lives of both women were early formed in the [https://orthodoxwiki.org/What_is_Orthodoxy Orthodox Christian Church], in which they both participated throughout their lives. This fact alone emphasises and increases the “character building” fruit of a medical education. One may add that, to an extent, these women (and others like them) follow in the foot-steps of the 3 well-known physicians of the [https://orthodoxwiki.org/New_Testament New Testament] period, the relatives of the Holy [https://orthodoxwiki.org/Apostles Apostles] [https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2000/06/29/101842-the-holy-glorious-and-all-praised-leader-of-the-apostles-paul Paul], and [https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2018/10/11/102936-apostle-philip-of-the-seventy-one-of-the-seven-deacons Philip the Deacon] : [http://owhm.org/saints.html Saints Zenaida, Philonella and Hermione].

	'''Activism, fairness'''		'''Activism, fairness'''

Vladyka Seraphim at 14:52, 30 May 2024

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References

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	[https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/1971327/pinecrest-cemetery Pinecrest Cemetery in Ottawa, Ontario]		[https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery/1971327/pinecrest-cemetery Pinecrest Cemetery in Ottawa, Ontario]

			[https://fmwc.ca/our-history/past-presidents/ Dr. Elisabeth Pollonetsky, past President of the Federation of Medical Women of Canada, 1979-1980]

			Remarks by Dr. Pollonetsky about “[https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC1704977&blobtype=pdf Women in Medicine]” (22 November, 1980)

	[http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v02n5p16.htm Article about Elisabeth Pollonetsky and ‘The Ottawa Peace Movement’ in "Peace Mazagine", 1 October, 1986]		[http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v02n5p16.htm Article about Elisabeth Pollonetsky and ‘The Ottawa Peace Movement’ in "Peace Mazagine", 1 October, 1986]
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	[https://www.britannica.com/place/Harbin Encyclopaedia Britannica article about the History of Harbin] (3 May, 2024)		[https://www.britannica.com/place/Harbin Encyclopaedia Britannica article about the History of Harbin] (3 May, 2024)

	~~Remarks by Dr. Pollonetsky about “[https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC1704977&blobtype=pdf Women in Medicine]” (22 November, 1980)~~

	~~[https://fmwc.ca/our-history/past-presidents/ Dr. Elisabeth Pollonetsky, past President of the Federation of Medical Women of Canada, 1979-1980]~~

	[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/federation-of-medical-women-of-canada Federation of Medical Women of Canada] (2024)		[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/federation-of-medical-women-of-canada Federation of Medical Women of Canada] (2024)

Vladyka Seraphim: /* Bereavement, 1978, 1987 */

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Bereavement, 1978, 1987

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	Nine years later, on 28 June, 1987, Elisabeth Ivanovna's mother Anastasia Petrovna followed her sister in repose. They are both interred in the [https://pinecrest-remembrance.com/en/ Pinecrest Cemetery] in Ottawa, in the Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox section. Both these funerals were served by the parish priest during those years, the [[Mitred Archpriest Oleg and Matushka Natalia Boldireff \|Mitred Archpriest Oleg Boldireff]].		Nine years later, on 28 June, 1987, Elisabeth Ivanovna's mother Anastasia Petrovna followed her sister in repose. They are both interred in the [https://pinecrest-remembrance.com/en/ Pinecrest Cemetery] in Ottawa, in the Saint Nicholas Russian Orthodox section. Both these funerals were served by the parish priest during those years, the [[Mitred Archpriest Oleg and Matushka Natalia Boldireff \|Mitred Archpriest Oleg Boldireff]].

	Towards the end of her days, in 1995, Elisabeth Ivanovna wrote a brief autobiography. Its title is derived from a Russian proverb, which is also written in a poem by Boris Pasternak ; but the title accurately describes her life : “[https://ottawa.bibliocommons.com/item/show/208077026 More than Crossing a Field]”. The title itself is an indication of the matter-of-fact sense of humour that was characteristic of Elisabeth Ivanovna. Not only was the title a variant on the Russian proverb : “[https://~~russianuniverse~~.~~org~~/~~2014~~/03/06/~~russian-saying-4~~/ living life is not like crossing a field]”, it was an echo of a similar citation made by the author [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Boris-Pasternak; Boris Pasternak] at the end of his banned poem “[https://linguafennica.wordpress.com/2018/08/01/hamlet-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82-boris-pasternak/ Hamlet]” in his banned novel “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel) Dr. Zhivago]”. Of course, the English variant is “[https://www.quora.com/What-does-%E2%80%9Cnot-a-walk-in-the-park%E2%80%9D-mean#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20understated%20way,4K%20views not just a walk in the park]”.		Towards the end of her days, in 1995, Elisabeth Ivanovna wrote a brief autobiography. Its title is derived from a Russian proverb, which is also written in a poem by Boris Pasternak ; but the title accurately describes her life : “[https://ottawa.bibliocommons.com/item/show/208077026 More than Crossing a Field]”. The title itself is an indication of the matter-of-fact sense of humour that was characteristic of Elisabeth Ivanovna. Not only was the title a variant on the Russian proverb : “[https://www.ruspeach.com/en/handbook/proverbs/127/ living life is not like crossing a field]”, it was also an echo of a similar citation made by the author [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Boris-Pasternak; Boris Pasternak] at the end of his banned poem “[https://linguafennica.wordpress.com/2018/08/01/hamlet-%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82-boris-pasternak/ Hamlet]” in his banned novel “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel) Dr. Zhivago]”. Of course, the English variant is “[https://www.quora.com/What-does-%E2%80%9Cnot-a-walk-in-the-park%E2%80%9D-mean#:~:text=It%20is%20an%20understated%20way,4K%20views not just a walk in the park]”.

	==Repose, 2001==		==Repose, 2001==

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References

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	Heaver, Stuart, “[https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2092988/how-white-russian-refugee-crisis-unfolded-china How the White Refugee Crisis unfolded in Russia a Century ago …]”. (2017)		Heaver, Stuart, “[https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/long-reads/article/2092988/how-white-russian-refugee-crisis-unfolded-china How the White Refugee Crisis unfolded in Russia a Century ago …]”. (2017)

	Khisamutdinov, A, ~~“https~~://ricolor-org.translate.goog/rz/kitai/rossia/10/?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=ru&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp		Khisamutdinov, A, “[https://ricolor-org.translate.goog/rz/kitai/rossia/10/?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=ru&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Russian Community in Shanghai]”.
	Russian Community in Shanghai]”.

	Manchester, Laurie, “[https://www.bu.edu/historic/conference08/lmanchester.pdf The Colonial World through Russian Eyes : Russian Refugees in Africa and China in the 1920s and 30s]” (Tempe, AZ : Arizona State University, 2008).		Manchester, Laurie, “[https://www.bu.edu/historic/conference08/lmanchester.pdf The Colonial World through Russian Eyes : Russian Refugees in Africa and China in the 1920s and 30s]” (Tempe, AZ : Arizona State University, 2008).

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References

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Vladyka Seraphim: /* Reflections */

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Reflections

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	As was written in an obituary, Elisabeth Ivanovna lived her life to the full and, with an indomitable spirit, surmounted daunting obstacles as a prisoner of war, and as an immigrant. She later balanced the demands of a professional career, caring for aged parents, raising a family, and actively participating in community life at various levels including Home & School Associations, [http://fmwc.ca/ Canadian Medical Women's Association], and [http://www.psr.org/ Physicians for Social Responsibility] (from 1982), which became [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War Canadian Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War] (CPPNW). She was co-founder and president of the Ottawa chapter of the CPPNW. She was an active supporter and fundraiser for the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party New Democratic Party]" (NDP) when she was in Ottawa, as she had been with its predecessor, the "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/co-operative-commonwealth-federation Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]" (CCF) while she was in Montréal.		As was written in an obituary, Elisabeth Ivanovna lived her life to the full and, with an indomitable spirit, surmounted daunting obstacles as a prisoner of war, and as an immigrant. She later balanced the demands of a professional career, caring for aged parents, raising a family, and actively participating in community life at various levels including Home & School Associations, [http://fmwc.ca/ Canadian Medical Women's Association], and [http://www.psr.org/ Physicians for Social Responsibility] (from 1982), which became [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Physicians_for_the_Prevention_of_Nuclear_War Canadian Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War] (CPPNW). She was co-founder and president of the Ottawa chapter of the CPPNW. She was an active supporter and fundraiser for the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party New Democratic Party]" (NDP) when she was in Ottawa, as she had been with its predecessor, the "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/co-operative-commonwealth-federation Co-operative Commonwealth Federation]" (CCF) while she was in Montréal.

	Although there is no specific reference about it, in the course of her activities with the government and with concerns for peace and disarmament, it is quite likely that she would have encountered [~~[George Pavlovich Ignatieff \|~~George Ignatieff]]. Although their politics were different, they had some major concerns in common.		Although there is no specific reference about it, in the course of her activities with the government and with concerns for peace and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disarmament disarmament], it is quite likely that she would have encountered [https://orthodoxcanada.ca/George_and_Alison_Ignatieff George Ignatieff]. Although their politics were different, they had some major concerns in common.

	Elisabeth Ivanovna Pollonetsky was well-known for her generosity, tenacity and determination. She was well-known for her open honesty. The tenacity, determination and honesty could lead others to say about her that "she was a difficult woman" ; but these forthright qualities did not constitute a impenetrable barrier on her part. She was ready and willing to discuss matters. Love was involved in all things.		Elisabeth Ivanovna Pollonetsky was well-known for her generosity, tenacity and determination. She was well-known for her open honesty. The tenacity, determination, and honesty could lead others to say about her that "she was a difficult woman" ; but these forthright qualities did not constitute a impenetrable barrier on her part. She was ready and willing to discuss matters. Love was involved in all things.

	Elisabeth Ivanovna lived simply and without ostentation, and she was well-known for her warm hospitality. Her practice of the [https://orthodoxwiki.org/Introduction_to_Orthodox_Christianity Orthodox Christian Faith] was in the same spirit of matter-of-fact practicality. She did not talk of her Orthodox Faith as much as she lived it out. This was a contributor to her well-known love for animals, and for all living things.		Elisabeth Ivanovna lived simply and without ostentation, and she was well-known for her warm hospitality. Her practice of the [https://orthodoxwiki.org/Introduction_to_Orthodox_Christianity Orthodox Christian Faith] was in the same spirit of matter-of-fact practicality. She did not talk of her Orthodox Faith as much as she lived it out. This was a contributor to her well-known love for animals, and for all living things.
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	In her last years, Elisabeth was often helped at home by an old friend, who was by this time herself a nun, [[Mother Dorofea (Mirochnitchenko)]], who stayed at her home frequently in order to support her.		In her last years, Elisabeth was often helped at home by an old friend, who was by this time herself a nun, [[Mother Dorofea (Mirochnitchenko)]], who stayed at her home frequently in order to support her.

	At the time of her departure, her parish pastor, the Archpriest Andrew Morbey, was with her in the hospital. He described holding her hand, and her pulse flickering "like a little bird" until it just stopped.		At the time of her departure from this life, her parish pastor, [https://www.stmarysoca.org/directory.html the Archpriest Andrew Morbey], was with her in the hospital. He described holding her hand, and her pulse flickering "like a little bird" until it just stopped.

	==References==		==References==

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	Elisabeth joined (at nursing level) the [http://nialljoreilly.com/tag/hong-kong-volunteer-defence-corps/ Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps], and her work was in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Military_Hospital,_Hong_Kong Bowen Road Military Hospital]. It was in this hospital that she was interned in a Japanese [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concentration-camp concentration-camp], which is what it became (there were 6 in Hong Kong). Because she had less than a cup of rice to eat per day, and because the water was contaminated, she became quite ill with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_deficiency beri-beri]. It was said that the Japanese captors saw that she was too valuable as a physician simply to be allowed to die.		Elisabeth joined (at nursing level) the [http://nialljoreilly.com/tag/hong-kong-volunteer-defence-corps/ Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps], and her work was in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Military_Hospital,_Hong_Kong Bowen Road Military Hospital]. It was in this hospital that she was interned in a Japanese [https://www.britannica.com/topic/concentration-camp concentration-camp], which is what it became (there were 6 in Hong Kong). Because she had less than a cup of rice to eat per day, and because the water was contaminated, she became quite ill with [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiamine_deficiency beri-beri]. It was said that the Japanese captors saw that she was too valuable as a physician simply to be allowed to die.

	It is possible that the release involved the fact that her father was [~~ttps~~://www.britannica.com/place/Latvia/History Latvian].		It is possible that the release involved the fact that her father was [https://www.britannica.com/place/Latvia/History Latvian].

	Her father informed her by letter that it was dangerous to go to Harbin, and on his advice, she was then able to go to [https://www.britannica.com/place/Shanghai Shanghai] to continue her medical studies (in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language French]). The occupation ended in 1945.		Her father informed her by letter that it was dangerous to go to Harbin, and on his advice, she was then able to go to [https://www.britannica.com/place/Shanghai Shanghai] to continue her medical studies (in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language French]). The occupation ended in 1945.
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	In 1963, an opportunity was presented that Elisabeth Ivanovna could not refuse. She had applied, was accepted, and then moved to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa Ottawa], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario Ontario], where she became the first woman Medical Advisor to the Canadian Pension Commission (now the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Pension_Plan Canada Pension Plan]).		In 1963, an opportunity was presented that Elisabeth Ivanovna could not refuse. She had applied, was accepted, and then moved to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa Ottawa], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario Ontario], where she became the first woman Medical Advisor to the Canadian Pension Commission (now the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Pension_Plan Canada Pension Plan]).

	This change occurred with her first moving alone to Ottawa in order to prepare the way for the rest of her family. It was at the beginning that she had to face the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic protestant work ethic]", and the intricacies of governmental bureaucracy (about which she also expressed a humourous attitude). (The protestant work ethic is a [https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Calvin Calvinistic] doctrine which changed the voluntary doing of good works out of love into a compulsory duty which benefits both the individual and society as a whole.)		This change occurred with her first moving alone to Ottawa in order to prepare the way for the rest of her family. It was at the beginning that she had to face the “[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic protestant work ethic]”, and the intricacies of governmental bureaucracy (about which she also expressed a humourous attitude). (The protestant work ethic is a [https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Calvin Calvinistic] doctrine which changed the voluntary doing of good works out of love into a compulsory duty which benefits both the individual and society as a whole.)

	Her husband Joseph, on moving, found work with an insurance company, and her mother began to attend the Russian Orthodox [~~[Ottawa ON Saint Nicholas~~ Russian Orthodox ~~Church 1955-1987 \|~~Church of Saint Nicholas]] (now [~~[Ottawa ON Annunciation to the Theotokos~~-~~Saint Nicholas Orthodox Cathedral 1955 \|~~Annunciation-Saint Nicholas Cathedral]]). It was because of her mother's (and later her aunt's) attendance at Saint Nicholas Church that Elisabeth Ivanovna eventually found her way back into the [https://orthodoxwiki.org/Introduction_to_Orthodox_Christianity Orthodox Christian Church]. Her daughter Susan later wrote that this return had served as a major anchor for her during the rest of her life.		Her husband Joseph, on moving, found work with an insurance company, and her mother began to attend the Russian Orthodox [https://orthodoxcanada.ca/Ottawa_ON_%E2%80%A0Saint_Nicholas_Russian_Orthodox_Church_1955-1987 Russian Orthodox Church of Saint Nicholas] (now [https://orthodoxcanada.ca/Ottawa_ON_Annunciation_to_the_Theotokos-Saint_Nicholas_Orthodox_Cathedral_1955 Annunciation-Saint Nicholas Cathedral]). It was because of her mother's (and later her aunt's) attendance at Saint Nicholas Church that Elisabeth Ivanovna eventually found her way back into the [https://orthodoxwiki.org/Introduction_to_Orthodox_Christianity Orthodox Christian Church]. Her daughter Susan later wrote that this return had served as a major anchor for her during the rest of her life.


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	The obituary of Elisabeth Pollonetsky was published in “The Ottawa Citizen” (Ottawa, Ontario) on Thursday, 5 April, 2001, p. 43.		The obituary of Elisabeth Pollonetsky was published in “The Ottawa Citizen” (Ottawa, Ontario) on Thursday, 5 April, 2001, p. 43.

	[https://ottawacitizen.remembering.ca/obituary/elizabeth-pollonetsky-1065852144 In Memoriam in ~~"The~~ Ottawa ~~Citizen"~~ for Dr. Elisabeth Pollenetsky. 4 April, 2001]		[https://ottawacitizen.remembering.ca/obituary/elizabeth-pollonetsky-1065852144 In Memoriam in “The Ottawa Citizen” for Dr. Elisabeth Pollenetsky, 4 April, 2001]

	[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/elizabeth-pollonetsky-obituary?id=46864330 Legacy.com In Memoriam for Dr. Elizabeth Pollonetsky]		[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/legacyremembers/elizabeth-pollonetsky-obituary?id=46864330 Legacy.com In Memoriam for Dr. Elizabeth Pollonetsky]
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	[http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v02n5p16.htm Article about Elisabeth Pollonetsky and ‘The Ottawa Peace Movement’ in "Peace Mazagine", 1 October, 1986]		[http://peacemagazine.org/archive/v02n5p16.htm Article about Elisabeth Pollonetsky and ‘The Ottawa Peace Movement’ in "Peace Mazagine", 1 October, 1986]

			Wikipedia article about "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Russians Shanghai Russians]" (2 August, 2002)

	[https://www.rbth.com/history/328985-harbin-russian Facts about Harbin, the Chinese City built by Russians] (19 August, 2018)		[https://www.rbth.com/history/328985-harbin-russian Facts about Harbin, the Chinese City built by Russians] (19 August, 2018)

	[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Russians Russian émigrés living in Communist China]		[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbin_Russians Russian émigrés living in Communist China] (8 April, 2024)

	~~Wikipedia article about "[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Russians Shanghai Russians]"~~

	[https://www.britannica.com/place/Harbin Encyclopaedia Britannica article about the History of Harbin] (3 May, 2024)		[https://www.britannica.com/place/Harbin Encyclopaedia Britannica article about the History of Harbin] (3 May, 2024)