Metropolitan Bartolomeu (Anania)
Metropolitan Bartolomeu (Anania) of Cluj, Alba, Crişana and Maramureş (1921-2011)
Bartolomeu may be spelt Bartholomew, Bartholomeos, Barthélemy, Varfolomei.
Early life of Valeriu Anania
Valeriu Anania was born on 18 March, 1921, in Glăvile, Vâlcea County (in Oltania and Muntenia, Wallachia), Romania, to Vasile Anania and his wife Ana (the daughter of a priest).
He was raised an Orthodox Christian by his family in the bosom of the Romanian Orthodox Church.
Valeriu attended the primary school in Glăvile.
Afterwards, he entered the Bucharest Central Seminary of the Romanian Orthodox Church in 1933. Here, he received his secondary education.
Higher education
In 1935, while he was still a minor, Valeriu Anania joined the "Bunch of Friends" organisation, a Legionary Movement organisation of school youth. He had been introduced to the organisation by an older student.
In 1936 (at age 15), while he was still a student at the seminary, Valeriu was already part of the "Brotherhood of the Cross" (Frăţia de Cruce), a superior organisation to the first.
There was an association of these movements with the anti-communist Iron Guard.
Later in life, when he was a bishop, in an interview, he said about this time of his life : I did not manage to become a legionnaire for two reasons, one formal and the other fundamental : in January, 1941, when I was not yet an an adult (that is, under 21 years old), the "Brotherhood of the Cross" in the Central Seminary was abolished : that is, the unknown face of The Iron Guard , with whom I could not agree. But I confess that in the "Brotherhood of the Cross" in the Seminary there were no politics, no anti-Semitism, but only education ; and that I had only good things to learn : love of God, of nation and country, fairness, discipline at work, cultivating the truth, respect for the public good, a spirit of sacrifice.
This is in harmony with a statement about him that he claimed that, within the Brotherhood of the Cross at the seminary, politics was not discussed, and the group was not anti-Semitic.
Valeriu Anania graduated from the seminary in 1941. In that same year, he spent 3 weeks under arrest, after having been accused of participating in the funeral of a member of the Iron Guard. During a later interview, he related that :
After three weeks I was released, but in my record remained the card with the qualifier "legionary", a stigma that, whatever you do, you do not escape in a lifetime. I was never part of a political party, but I was and I am on the right".
Monastic tonsure, 1942
On 2 February, 1942, Valeriu Anania was tonsured to be a monk at the Antim Monastery in Bucharest, and he was given the name Bartolomeu.
Diaconal ordination, 1942
On 15 March, 1942, Monk Bartolomeu (Anania) was ordained to the Holy Diaconate.
Diaconal service
In 1942, Hierodeacon Bartolomeu (Anania) was again arrested, and he was sentenced to 6 months in prison. It was alleged that he possessed legionary materials and weapons which were kept in the attic of the Cernica Monastery.
In 1943, the Hierodeacon Bartolomeu (Anania) graduated from the Mihai Viteazul High School (gymnasium) in Bucharest.
From 1943 to 1947, Hierodeacon Bartolomeu (Anania) served as a hierodeacon in the Monastery of Polovragi, and in the Monastery of Baia de Aries.
Further study, 1944
In the autumn of 1944, Hierodeacon Bartolomeu (Anania) began studying at the Faculty of Medicine in Cluj, and at the Conservatory of Music there.
On 6 March, 1946, as president of the students from the "Petru Maior" Student Centre, he organised and led an anti-communist student strike against the new communist government led by Petru Groza, and also as an anti-revisionist against those who did not agree with the return of Transylvania to Romania. Because he had organised this strike, he was expelled in 1947.
Afterwards, he continued his studies at the Theology Faculty of the University of Bucharest, in the Theological Academy of Cluj, and in the "Andreian Academy" in Sibiu. He received the degree "Bachelor of Theology" in Sibiu in 1948.
Meanwhile, in 1947, Hierodeacon Bartolomeu (Anania) was assigned to become the abbot of the Topliţa Monastery, located at that time in the Mureș County of Transylvania (interwar period).
Between 1948-1949, Hierodeacon Bartolomeu was the superintendent at the Patriarchal Palace in Bucharest.
Between 1949-1950, Hierodeacon Bartolomeu served as the Patriarchal Inspector of Church Education.
Between 1950 and 1951, he was assistant to the Department of Universal Church History at the University Theological Institute in Bucharest, and between 1951 and 1952, he served as dean of the "Centre for Missionary and Social Guidance of the Clergy" at Curtea de Argeș.
From 1952-1958 he was the director of the patriarchal library in Bucharest.
According to the testimony of contemporaries, during this period, Hierodeacon Bartolomeu had the protection of Patriarch Justinian (Marina). However, this protection had limits under the circumstances of an atheistic government.
Pressure against Hierodeacon Bartolomeu
In 1958, as the communist era developed, Hierodeacon Bartolomeu (Anania), was accused of being associated with the Iron Guard before 23 August, 1944. He was arrested again by the communist authorities, and after a “trial”, he was sentenced by the Military Court of Ploieşti to 25 years of hard labour for “conspiracy against the public order”. He served his sentence in the notorious and infamous Aiud prison. He was kept in the "politics" section, where he was part of a re-education committee.
Another political prisoner at Aiud, Grigore Caraza (author of the 2004 book “Aiud însângerat” ("Bloody Aiud")), accused Hierodeacon Bartolomeu of having actively participated in the “re-education” of prisoners, a charge categorically denied by Hierodeacon Bartolomeu. It may be recalled that such a prison as Aiud freely used a wide variety of tortures, and that in this and other prisons many people perished. Moreover, in the web of deception which was part of the torture, people who lived by similar principles could be deceived into believing evil and lies about each other. Grigore Caraza passed through this torture as did all the others. Because of the ghastly, cynical and demonic character of the torture that each inhabitant of Aiud was forced to endure, they all became automatons, and they could say anything they were told to say about anyone. A description of such torture is given in "Father George Calciu : Interviews, Homilies, and Talks" by the Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood (pp. 98-103), and in "The Anti-humans : Student reeducation in Romanian Prisons" by Dimitru Bacu.
During the time of his detention, his mother reposed in Christ. He was informed of this by his brother, who was himself incarcerated in the same prison.
Hierodeacon Bartolomeu spent time also in the Jilava and Piteşti prisons.
In August, 1964, Hierodeacon Bartolomeu was freed from prison (along with other political prisoners), following a decree by the authorities to cancel the political imprisonment. He had spent 6 years in captivity.
Assignment to North America, 1965
Only a few months later (February, 1965), Hierodeacon Bartolomeu (Anania) was sent to serve in the Romanian Orthodox Missionary Archdiocese in the United States of America and Canada, where he edited the religious newspaper called “Credinţa” (“The Faith”). During the following years, he was assigned to serve as a member of 2 committees of the Standing Conference of Orthodox Bishops in the Americas (SCOBA). He also served the Romanian Orthodox Archdiocese of America (ROAA) as diocesan secretary, cultural counsellor, secretary general of the Church Congress, and Director of Service “Publications”.
The short time between his release from prison and the time when he was sent to the USA has been interpreted by certain persons as an indication that he had links to the Romanian “Securitate” (secret police). This idea has been supported by Ion Mihai Pacepa, who argued in his 1992 book that Archimandrite Bartolomeu was an agent of the External Intelligence Department of the Securitate, and that he had been sent to the United States to divide the Romanian community. Metropolitan Bartolomeu (Anania) has subsequently admitted that he signed denunciations against other high-ranking clerics for the Securitate in 1959. However, he claims that he was not a collaborator, and that these denunciations had been made after he was given tea containing a truth drug at the Securitate’s Ploieşti headquarters. Yet other persons will aver that Hierodeacon Bartolomeu (Anania) did not denounce anyone, but rather, they say, he covered for his brother’s weakness.
It is reported that he participated in a 1966 meeting in Florida, which was intended to bring about a separation of parishes from the Romanian Orthodox Episcopate of America (ROEA). According to journalist Ioan T Morar, Father Bartolomeu had provided notes on Andrei Fencing, one of the prominent Orthodox theologians in exile. However, the tendency towards divided opinion afflicted the North American Romanian community even before the arrival in 1935 of Bishop Polycarp (Moruşca).
Presbyteral ordination, 1967
In 1967, Hierodeacon Bartolomeu (Anania) was ordained to the Holy Priesthood by Archbishop Victorin (Ursache).
Presbyteral service
The Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church immediately elevated Hieromonk Bartolomeu (Anania) to the dignity of archimandrite.
Assignment to Canada, 1967
On 1 December, 1967, he was assigned to the Cathedral of Saint George in Detroit, Michigan, of the Romanian Orthodox Archdiocese of America and Canada.
In 1969, he served in the Romanian parish of Saint George in Windsor, Ontario.
Archimandrite Bartolomeu (Anania) continued his service as he participated in various conferences in Detroit, Chicago, Honolulu and Windsor. He was elected as a member of the Romanian Orthodox Church delegation to visit the Oriental Orthodox Churches in Egypt, Ethiopia and India (1969).
Return to Romania, 1974
In 1974, he was recalled to Romania from North America, purportedly because of reports which mentioned a possible defection.
From 1976 to 1982, he was assigned to serve as the head of the Church’s Biblical and Missionary Institute.
Translation of the Holy Bible, 1982
Then, in 1982, he was given the blessing to retire to the Văratec Monastery in the Neamţ County, where he began work on revising the Romanian translation of the Holy Scriptures.
In fact, his work was a re-translation of the Bible. He used as his source for the Old Testament, the traditional Greek Septuagint (since the 1930s, the Romanian Orthodox Church Bible had been using as its reference text the Hebrew Masoretic Text). The work included a very detailed annotation of the texts of the Holy Scriptures (with reference also to the Masoretic text), and the translation itself produced a beautiful and flowing text. As one witness commented, this work required more than 10 years of completely dedicated and hard labour. The Bible was printed in 2001, and it became the jubilee edition of the Holy Synod. The whole project has been made available in Romanian on the web-site : http://www.dervent.ro/biblia.php.
During this period (particularly after 1982), the Romanian Patriarchate repeatedly nominated Archimandrite to be a bishop ; however, the communist authorities of Romania each time prohibited his ordination. Only at the fall of the communist regime, on 21 January, 1993, could he be elected.
On 21 January, 1993, Archimandrite Bartolomeu (Anania) was chosen and elected by the Holy Synod to become a bishop.
Episcopal ordination, 1993
On 7 February, 1993, Archimandrite Bartolomeu (Anania) was ordained to the Holy Episcopate in the Dormition Cathedral in Cluj-Napoca. The ordination was led by Patriarch Teoctist (Arăpașu).
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Episcopal service
On 7 February, 1993, Bishop Bartolomeu (Anania) was enthroned at the Archdiocesan Cathedral of the Dormition in Cluj-Napoca as the Archbishop of Vad, Feleac and Cluj.
Although the legislative initiative related to the return of church property, in particular the former Greek Catholic churches, did not pass through parliament in 1997, the court in Cluj decided that the local Temple (formerly Greek Catholic, but then converted to Orthodox) should belong to the Romanian Greek Catholic Church. Archbishop Bartolomeu did not agree with the court's decision. With his permission, Orthodox theological students organised a protest action in the church. At the same time, Archbishop Bartolomeu made protest statements to political parties.
In 1999, after the Church’s failed attempt to convince politicians to endorse a proposal to give Senatorial seats to the Orthodox Church Synod’s members, Archbishop Bartolomeu (Anania) made 2 public requests.
The first one was that the Church be able to select parliamentary candidates, and then have priests urge parishioners during sermons to vote for them. The second request repeated the proposal of making the 27 bishops of the Synod to be members of the Senate. He argued that the state was never really separated from the Church. A law to this effect was drafted, but it was never brought up for discussion in parliament. Most likely, these requests reflect a lingering idealistic sense of the principle of “symphonia” between Church and State. This theory of mutual respect and harmony was practiced in the Eastern Roman Empire, in which ecclesiastical and civil law were considered to be indivisible, and in which the ecclesiastical laws were enacted by the Roman Emperor. This ideal was practiced also in the Russian Empire, and it had been promoted by Patriarch Kirill (Gundyaev) of Moscow. Because Romania has a very long history of association with the imperial and ecclesiastical authorities in Constantinople, the persistence of this ideal in Romania is understandable. Nevertheless, in the view of Protopresbyter Stanley Harakas :
there are almost no existing presuppositions for its [the ideal's] implementation as a system of Church-state relations in our times,
and
at most, it presents ‘an impossible ideal’ in the contemporary world, which may illumine some attitudes for Orthodox Christians regarding their views of the well-ordered state as well as the relationship of the Church toward the state.
After the elections in 2000, Archbishop Bartolomeu reconsidered his previous opinion about the involvement of clergymen in politics.
In 2004, he made a proposal, which was approved by the Synod, not to allow priests to run in elections. An ultimatum was issued to the priests currently involved in politics to choose between the priesthood and politics.
In 2006, following a controversial decision of the Holy Synod, the archdiocese was elevated to the rank of a metropolis, and the title was changed. Thus, Archbishop Bartolomeu (Anania) was elevated to the dignity of metropolitan, and he became the first Metropolitan of Cluj, Alba, Crişana and Maramureş.
In the newspaper "Today", in the article "The Day of the Patriarch" (the election of the patriarch in 2007), it was written :
In his 2006 Christmas message, Metropolitan Bartolomeu (Anania) denounced the attempts to remove religious symbols from schools. Metropolitan Bartholomew described these attempts as being 'moral assaults on our children and youth', 'as if endemic poverty, political corruption, camouflaged crime, undercover corruption, and libertarianism would not have been enough'. IPS Bartholomew explained that this is a campaign of an aggressive minority, driven to eliminate religion from public education, just at a time when our schools are being assaulted by 'smoking, alcoholism, drugs, sexuality, arrogance and disappointing behaviour'. The Metropolitan of Cluj underlined the idea that religion is envisaged as a matter of the Law of Education, but that it does not oblige the student to refuse it, and in the European Community only in two states - France and the Netherlands - religion is not included in the educational system. 'More recently, there is a stir of protests against the presence of icons in schools, without any pupil or parent having protested them. Our free-thinkers' protests are, in fact, an incrimination in the name of decriminalisation, as Communism has experienced dehumanisation under the slogan of humanism.
With regard to the pending election for the next patriarch, he said that a patriarch of this country must be both a Romanian and an Orthodox Patriarch.
As a candidate for election
After the repose in Christ of Patriarch Teoctist (Arapaşu) on 30 July, 2007, Metropolitan Bartolomeu (Anania) became one of the candidates for the responsibility of being the patriarch. However, after the deliberations, the responsibility went to Metropolitan Daniel (Ciobotea), who received from the Church Electoral College 95 votes, as compared with 66 for Metropolitan Bartolomeu. Although Metropolitan Bartolomeu had been proposed, the long-standing custom prevailed that a successor to a departed patriarch comes from the Metropolis of Moldavia in Iaşi.
The personality of Metropolitan Bartolomeu was extremely complex, first, because of the various domains of his work (literature, essays, art history, theology and biblical theology) ; and second, because of his relation to politics, especially with reference to his earlier connections with the Legionary Movement and with communism.
Metropolitan Bartolomeu was known as a conservative or traditional voice within the Church. It is written about him that he “happily combined religion and culture, being called the ‘Lion of Transylvania’ for his intransigence and conservatism in defence of Orthodox values”.
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Politically, Metropolitan Bartolomeu asserted that he had always been attracted by the right wing. Voicing disagreement with the Western world, he argued that the West is built exclusively on politics and economics, lacking any trace of spirituality, culture or religion. Following the repeal of Article 200 (regarding homosexuality), he decried the westernisation of Romania, claiming that “Europe asks us to accept sex, homosexuality, vices, drugs, abortions and genetic engineering, including cloning”.
Through several written comments, he also condemned the way in which television stations “manipulate” viewers and use violent programmes to “poison the souls of Romanians”. He argued that such programmes are harming people’s personalities, and they make them unable to tell good from evil. He indicated, in fact, that television had become like a drug that harms young people in particular.
In 2002, he was amongst a group of intellectuals who voiced their opposition to the building of a vampire theme-park called "Dracula Park", claiming that vampires are not a part of Romanian mythology (which instead has other mythical monsters, such as "Muma Pădurii" and "Zgripţuroaica").
Although Metropolitan Bartolomeu supported the neutrality of the Church in politics, in 2007, he did join 7 other high-ranking Orthodox clerics in signing an appeal against the decision of the parliament to begin impeachment proceedings against President Traian Băsescu. He called the procedure “immoral politics”.
Regarding ecumenism, Metropolitan Bartolomeu argued that unifying all Christians within one Church (meaning the Orthodox Church) is a far-fetched goal.
In his episcopal capacity, Metropolitan Bartolomeu joined the dispute over the biometric passports, and in 2009, he signed a public statement (together with all the bishops of his metropolitan territory), in which he claimed that the usage of biometric chips in passports is offensive to the Romanian people, who, he claims, are therefore treated as a potential gang of criminals. He also made clear his worry about the possibility of using microchip implants.
Besides his responsibilities as an Orthodox hierarch, Metropolitan Bartolomeu was a prolific writer and translator, and in 1982, he received the Award of the Writers' Union of Romania, of which he was a member.
Metropolitan Bartolomeu’s translation of the Bible (published in 2001) was described as being “a Sisyphean labour, which lasted over ten years”. He was described as having toiled at this work with the focus of a prisoner at hard labour. Indeed, to do this, he would probably have had to enclose himself almost completely in his monastic cell for the purpose. He wrote “Memoirs” in 2008, which is considered to be pure literature ; he published volumes of poetry, prose and plays, and he wrote to the hundreds of pastors and believers of whom he was the spiritual shepherd.
In his homilies (given mostly in the Nicula Monastery as he celebrated the services on the Feast of the Dormition), Metropolitan Bartolomeu gave a series of messages with an ecological bent. In a 2006 homily, he made a plea against pollution, in which he accused the Romanian people of not being able to keep “the garden of the Mother of God, which is called Romania”.
In 2008, Metropolitan Bartolomeu (Anania) was the only one in the entire Holy Synod who asked for the defrocking of Metropolitan Nicholas (Corneanu) of Timişoara and Banat and of Bishop Sophronius (Drincec) of Oradea, who had been accused of misconduct with regard to the “doctrine and discipline of the Orthodox canons” because they had served with Greek Catholics (Uniats).
During a press-conference in Cluj, on 28 January, 2008, concerning the phrase “Lion of Transylvania”, first used by the Abbess Ierualima (Ghibu) from Râmeț Monastery (which was used as the title of a biographical article), Metropolitan Bartolomeu said that the lion is the king of the beasts, but he “dies the most miserable death. A lion, not having any natural enemies, eats all the other animals, and then dies of old age. And die ? Its teeth fall out, and it can no longer feed, nor hunt, nor eat of the prey of another. It dies, and it becomes a wretched carcass, eaten by ants and flies. I hope that this does not happen to me”, said the metropolitan, speaking to journalists.
During an interview
In a pastoral message for Christmas, 2010, written while he was lying on his hospital bed, Metropolitan Bartolomeu said that there are very many Christians who celebrate Christmas without Jesus, Epiphany without Jesus and John (perhaps with holy water only), and especially a New Year celebration which is clothed in a perpetual narcotic vapour of alcohol and immorality.
Very early in 2011, Metropolitan Bartolomeu was given urgent medical treatment in Vienna, Austria, for heart failure and aortic valve stenosis, but the treatment was unsuccessful.
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Repose, 2011
On 31 January, 2011, Metropolitan Bartolomeu (Anania) reposed in the Lord in Cluj-Napoca.
The Memorial Divine Liturgy and the Funeral Service for the Burial of a Hierarch were led by Patriarch Daniel (Ciobotea), accompanied by many other bishops, priests and deacons.
After the funeral services, his body was buried in the hierarchs’ crypt beneath the Altar of the city’s Dormition of the Theotokos Cathedral.
Dormition Cathedral, Cluj
— Archbishop of the Archdiocese of Vad, Feleac and Cluj 1993-2006. Preceded by : Metropolitan Teofil (Herinanu). Succeeded by : Metropolitan Andrei (Andreicuţ).
— Metropolitan of Cluj, Alba, Crişana and Maramureş 2006-2011. Preceded by : ____. Succeeded by : Metropolitan Andrei (Andreicuț).
Reflections
Metropolitan Bartolomeu (Anania) was a theologian, spiritual writer, playwright, poet, translator. For his position in life, Vladyka Bartolomeu was called "the lion from the Carpathians" : in the struggle for the purity of Orthodoxy, he showed the greatness of the True Faith, and he exposed its opponents.
Awards and Honours
• Order of the Holy Sepulchre of the Patriarchate of Jerusalem (1967)
• Order of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul of the Patriarchate of Antioch (1967)
• Award (for cultural drama) from the Writers' Union for the book 'Heaviness of the Earth' (1982)
• Honourary President of the "Nicolae Steinhardt" Foundation (1993)
• Honourary Member of the Senate of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hațieganu" from Cluj (1993)
• Special Prize for the Volume "From the Foams of the Sea", at the Book Salon in Oradea (1995)
• Honourary Citizen of Cluj-Napoca (25 January, 1996)
• Grand Prize for Poetry of the International Poetry Festival "Lucian Blaga", Cluj-Napoca (May, 1999)
• Diploma and Medal of the Academy of Arts for “Culture and History of Brazil” (May, 2000)
• Grand Cross of the National Order for Merit (2000)
• From the President of Romania, the Commemorative Medal "150 Years since the Birth of Mihai Eminescu" (2000)
• Prize for “Omnia Opera”, from the Writers' Union, Cluj branch (March, 2001)
• Honourary Doctorate from the "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Cluj (7 July, 2001)
• Honourary Citizen of Bistrița Municipality (March, 2001)
• Honourary Doctorate from the Babeș Bolyai University of Cluj (2004)
• Honourary Citizen of Vad Commune (2005)
• Honourary Member of the Romanian Academy (2010)
• Honourary Citizen of Dej Municipality
• The Romanian Patriarchal Cross (in Bucharest)
Writings
Partial bibliography of Writings (Metropolitan Bartolomeu was a very prolific writer.)
• “The Holy Bible” translated into Romanian with notes from the Septuagint, jubilee edition of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Church (2001), with the blessing of Patriarch Teoctist (Arăpașu). [in Romanian : Anania, Bartolomeu Valeriu, Arhiepiscopul Clujului, “BIBLIA sau SFÂNTA SCRIPTURĂ” — Ediţie jubiliară a Sfântului Sinod — Tipărită cu binecuvântarea i prefa a Prea Fericitului Părinte Teoctist, Patriarhul Bisericii Ortodoxe Române. Editura Institutului Biblic şi de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române, Bucureşti-2001. Versiune diortosită după Septuaginta, redactată şi adnotată.]
• “Memoirs” (Iaşi : Polirom Publishing House, 2008)
• “Heavy Earth” (1982)
• “Rotunda of Burning Poplars” (1983)
• “Cerurile Oltului” (1990)
• “Amintirile peregrinului Apter” (1991)
• “The Aliens of Kipukua” (1979)
• “The Apocalypse of Saint John” (2001)
• “Apa cea vie a Ortodoxiei” (“The living Water of Orthodoxy”) (2002) (speeches, articles and pastoral letters from 1993-2001 issued as archbishop of Cluj ; edited by Nicoleta Pălimaru and Maria-Elena Ganciu)
• Published numerous articles in the following newspapers from 1936 and after : "Vremea", "Dacia Rediviva", "Gazeta Literară", "Luceafărul", "Magazin Istoric", "Ateneu", "Glasul Bisericii", "Mitropolia Olteniei", "Credința", and "Renașterea"
• As a playwright Metropolitan Bartolomeu published the following dramas : "Miorița" (1966) ; "Master Manole" (1968) ; "Go Time, come, Time !" (1969) ; "The Glass of Nectar" (Children's fairy-tale (1969) ; "The Bison Star" (1971) ; "Poems with Masks" ( 1972) ; “The Thief of Pearls” (2001). These were staged by a series of theaters in the country : " Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea" from Bucharest, "Alexandru Davila" from Pitești, "Dramatic" from Baia Mare and many others.
• As a poet, Metropolitan Bartolomeu published the following collections : "Genesis" ( 1971) ; "Agrippine Histories" (1976) ; "Akathist Tabs" (1981) ; “Anamnesis"(1984) ;" Hymn of the Eminescu in Nineteen Songs" (1992) ; “Modern Romanian Religious Poetry” (1992) ; and many more.
• “Speeches of Metropolitan Bartholomew from the Cluj Metropolitanate web-site” [in Romanian : Cuvântările Mitropolitului Bartolomeu, pe site-ul Mitropoliei Clujului.]
References
Romanian Wikipedia biography (in Romanian)
“Metropolitan Bartholomew” Foundation biography and centennial 1921-2021
Metropolitanate of Cluj biography
Biography of Metropolitan Bartolomeu Anania (Revival Radio web-site) [In Romanian : Biografia Mitropolitului Bartolomeu Anania pe site-ul Radio Rena terea].
Additional information
Andreicuţ, Metropolitan Andrei, 'Lion of Transylvania' ('Leul Ardealului') in "Tabor Journal", issue 15, no. 3 (2021), pp. 8-10.
Bujea, Eleanor, “Romanians in Canada” (Publisher : Dr. Eleanor Bujea [Standard Copyright Licence, 2009]). ISBN-13 : 978-1929200146.
Caraza, Grigore, “The Trial of Communism, Testimony about Bloody Aiud” [in Romanian : “ Procesul comunismului, Mărturii, Grigore Caraza, Aiud însângerat”.]
Chirilă, Pr. Dr. Ioan, ‘The Artisan of the Word who built Souls’ in “The Light” newspaper (13 February, 2011) [in Romanian : ‘Artizanul mlădierii cuvântului care zidea suflete’ în “Ziarul Lumina” (13 februarie, 2011).]
Chitan, Simona, ‘Ananias : In Prison, Life was like living in Hell’ in “Today’s Events” (28 December, 2009) [in Romanian : ‘Anania : În închisoare, via a era vecină cu infernul’ in “Evenimentul zilei” (28 decembrie, 2009).]
Chituta, Alexandru, ‘The Living Water of Orthodoxy’ in “The Light” newspaper (5 March, 2011) [in Romanian : ‘Apa cea vie a Ortodoxiei’ in “Ziarul Lumina” (5 martie, 2011).]
Cristian, Vasile, ‘Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania or Living Dangerously’ [journal fragment] in “Today’s Events” (25 October, 2008) [in Romanian : ‘Bartolomeu Valeriu Anania sau a trăi periculos’ din “Evenimentul Zilei” (25 octombrie, 2008).]
Cristian, Vasile, ‘The Youth of Metropolitan Bartholomew Anania’, Contributors.ro (1 February, 2011) [in Romanian : Vasile, Cristian, ‘Tinereţea verzuie a lui Anania’ în Contributors.ro (1 februarie, 2011).]
Dascălu, Silviu, ‘Metropolitan Bartolomeu Anania, Pastor and Builder of Souls’ in “Ziarul Lumina” (29 January, 2012) [in Romanian : ‘Mitropolitul Bartolomeu Anania, păstorul i ziditorul de suflete’ în “Ziarul Lumina” (29 ianuarie, 2012).]
Diaconescu, Iona (Researcher CNSAS), ‘Bartolomeu Anania : The tracking information’ in “Romanian Literature”, part 1, no. 11 & part 2, no. 12 (April, 2012) [in Romanian : ‘Bartolomeu Anania. Dosare de urmărire informativă’ în "România Literară", partea I, în nr. 11 i partea a doua, în nr. 12 (aprilie, 2012)]
Enache, George, ‘Valeriu Anania, “Living Metaphor”’ in “The Light” newspaper (13 February, 2011) [in Romanian : ‘Valeriu Anania - “metafora vie”’ în “Ziarul Lumina” (13 februarie, 2011).]
Iloaie, Stefan, “His Holiness Bartolomeu – Valeriu Anania” (17 July, 2012) [in Romanian : “IPS Bartolomeu - Valeriu Anania” (17 iulie, 2012).]
Iloaie, Tefan & Ivanov, Bogdan, eds., “Metropolitan Bartholomew of Cluj (1921-2011)”, Revival Radio web-site (2012) [in Romanian : Radio Rena terea (ed.), Iloaie, Tefan & Ivanov, Bogdan, “Mitropolitul Bartolomeu al Clujului: (1921-2011)” (2012)].
Lavinia, Stan &Turcescu, Lucian ‘The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-Communist Democratisation’, in “Europe-Asia Studies”, vol. 52, no. 8 (Dec., 2000), p. 1472.
Neamtu, Mihail, “The Separation of Metropolitan Bartolomeu (Anania)” (31 January, 2011) (in Romanian : “La despăr irea de Mitropolitul Bartolomeu (Anania)” (31 ianuarie, 2011).)
Nicolae, Elena, “Bartolomeu’s Funeral” (4 February, 2011) [in Romanian : “Drumul lui Bartolomeu spre Veşnicie” (4 februarie, 2011).]
Nistor, Oana, ‘Eleven Years in Spiritual Oasis from Varatic’, in “The Light” (3 February, 2011) [in Romanian : ‘11 ani în oaza spirituală de la Văratic’ în “Ziarul Lumina” (3 februarie, 2011).]
Ovidiu, Pecican, ‘A Testament to the Problem’, in “Free Romania” (7 February, 2011) [in Romanian : “Un testament cu probleme” în “România liberă” (7 februarie, 2011).]
Pacepa, Ion Mihai, “Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief” (Washington, DC : Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1987), p. 284. ISBN 10 : 0-89526-570-2, ISBN 13 : 978-0895265708
Soica, Mihai, ‘Metropolitan Bartholomew Anania Passes Away’ in “Today’s Events” [in Romanian : ‘ÎPS Bartolomeu Anania a trecut la cele veşnice’ din “Evenimentul Zilei” (1 februarie, 2011).]
Stan, Lavinia, Turcescu, Lucian ‘The Romanian Orthodox Church and Post-Communist Democratisation’, in “Europe-Asia Studies”, vol. 52, no. 8 (Dec., 2000), p. 1472.
Stanca, Dan, ‘Memoirs of Bartholomew Anania’ in “Free Romania” (13 February, 2009) [in Romanian : ‘Memoriile lui Bartolomeu Anania’ în “România liberă” (13 februarie, 2009).]
Stephani, Claus, ‘Images from the Kingdom of God : Bartholomew Ananias reveals Secrets about Icons and Frescoes’ in “The Transylvanian Newspaper” (Munich), 52/15, (20 September, 2002), p.10 [in German : ‘Bilder vom Reich Gottes : Valeriu Anania deutet Geheimnisse um Ikonen und Fresken’ im “Siebenbürgische Zeitung” (München), 52/15, 20.9.2002, p. 10.]
‘The Confession of Metropolitan Bartholomew Anania’ in “Today’s Events” (8 September, 2006) [in Romanian : ‘Spovedania lui Bartolomeu Anania’, în “Evenimentul Zilei” (8 septembrie, 2006).]
“Eastern Europe: Orthodox Church Still Wields Political Clout”, RFE/RL (19 February, 2004)
“Seven Spiritual Quotes of Metropolitan Bartolomeu Anania”
“Eastern Europe: Orthodox Church Still Wields Political Clout”, RFE/RL (19 February, 2004)
“Entry of Bartolomeu into Monasticism” (1 August, 2012) [in Romanian : “Intrarea in monahism a lui Bartolomeu Anania” (1 august, 2012).]
Official web-site of the Metropolitanate of Cluj, Maramures and Salaj : [in Romanian : Pagina oficială a Arhiepiscopiei Ortodoxe din Cluj.]
Orthodoxwiki article about the Church of Romania
‘High Priesthood [Episcopate] of Bartholomew has combined Faith to Culture in a fruitful Harmony’ in “The Light” newspaper (1 February, 2011) [in Romanian : ‘[Înalt Preasfin itul Bartolomeu a îmbinat credin a i cultura într-o armonie roditoare’, în “Ziarul Lumina” (1 februarie, 2011 Înalt Preasfin itul Bartolomeu a îmbinat credin a i cultura într-o armonie roditoare’, în “Ziarul Lumina]” (1 februarie, 2011).]
‘Holy Confession at Secu’ in “Today’s Events” (1 September, 2006) [in Romanian : ‘Sfanta spovedanie la Secu’, din “Evenimentul zilei” (1 septembrie, 2006).]
‘The Patriarch’s Day’ in “Today” (12 September, 2007) [in Romanian : ‘Ziua Patriarhului’, în “Ziua” (12 septembrie, 2007) Ziua Patriarhului’, în “Ziua” (12 septembrie, 2007).]
‘The Prisoner of Aiud, Legionnaire Anania, deals with Communist “Re-education” of his Comrades’ in “Free Romania” (4 February, 2006) [in Romanian : ‘La inchisoarea Aiud, legionarul Anania se ocupa cu “reeducarea” comunista a camarazilor sai’, în “România Liberă” (4 februarie, 2006).]
‘The Romanian Orthodox Church elects Patriarch Daniel’ in “Free Romania” (13 September, 2007) [in Romanian : Patriarhul Daniel, ‘Biserica Ortodoxa Romana si-a ales Intaistatatorul’, in “România Liberă” (13 septembrie, 2007).)
“The Romanian Orthodox Church elects new Patriarch”, BBC (11 September, 2007) [in Romanian : “Biserica Ortodoxă Română îşi alege noul Patriarh”, BBC (11 septembrie, 2007).]
“Romanian Orthodox Church Leader condemns Television for ‘poisoning Souls’”, IHT- AP (15 August, 2007).
Romanian Orthodox Church web-site
Orthodoxwiki article about the Church of Romania
Wikipedia article about the Romanian Orthodox Church
“Transylvanian People protest against the Establishment”, Adevarul web-site (4 April, 2002) [in Romanian : Adevărul.ro “Oamenii de cultura ardeleni au protestat impotriva infiintarii”, 4 aprilie, 2002.]
Interview of His Holiness Bartolomeu with Eugenia Vodă [in Romanian : “IPS Bartolomeu Anania la Profesionisti”. (video in Romanian)
‘The Lion of Transylvania, Metropolitan Bartholomew’ in “Today’s Events” (26 March, 2006) [in Romanian : ‘Leul Ardealului’, Mitropolit, in “Evenimentul Zilei” (26 martie, 2006).]
“Metropolitan Bartholomew (Anania), Candidate for the Responsibility to be Patriarch”, BBC Romanian web-site (5 September, 2007) [in Romanian : “Bartolomeu Anania ar putea candida la funcţia de Patriarh”, BBC în românește (5 septembrie, 2007).]
‘Metropolitan Daniel and Metropolitan Bartholomew in the Finals’ in “Today’s Events” (12 september, 2007) [in Romanian : ‘IPS Daniel si IPS Bartolomeu, in finala’, in “Evenimentul Zilei” (12 septembrie, 2007).]
‘Metropolitan of the Church of Cluj-Napoca : By introducing biometric Passports, Romanians are treated as a Band of Criminals’ in “Today’s Events” (19 February, 2009) [in Romanian : ‘Mitropolia Clujului: Prin introducerea pasapoartelor biometrice, romanii sunt tratati ca o banda de infractori’, in “Ziua” (19 februarie, 2009).]
‘Bartolomeu Anania. Dosare de urmărire informativă’ în "România Literară", partea I, în nr. 11 i partea a doua, în nr. 12 (aprilie, 2012).]
Metropolitan Teofil (Herinanu)
Metropolitan Andrei (Andreicuţ)
Metropolitan Andrei (Andreicuț)